IVF for Twins: Everything You Need to Know About Conceiving Multiples Through Fertility Treatment

IVF for Twins: Chances, Risks, and Embryo Transfer

IVF for twins is a topic many people explore when planning their families through fertility treatment. In vitro fertilization (IVF) can result in a twin pregnancy when two embryos implant successfully or when a single embryo splits into identical twins. However, the possibility of having twins depends on several medical factors, including embryo development, the number of embryos transferred, and individual fertility circumstances.

Some intended parents hope to have twins to complete their families in one pregnancy. Before making treatment decisions, it is important to understand the chances of a twin pregnancy, the medical risks involved, and why fertility specialists generally prioritize a healthy pregnancy over achieving a specific number of babies.

This guide explains how IVF can result in twins, the factors that influence twin pregnancy rates, the difference between single and double embryo transfer, and the safety considerations to discuss with a fertility specialist.

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Can IVF Result in Twins?

Yes, IVF can result in twins, but it does not guarantee a multiple pregnancy. Twin pregnancies can occur when two separate embryos implant in the uterus or when one embryo divides into two embryos after transfer.

There are two main types of twins associated with IVF:

Fraternal twins: These twins develop from two separate eggs fertilized by sperm. In IVF, this can happen when two embryos are transferred and both implant successfully. Fraternal twins generally have separate genetic identities, like other siblings.

Identical twins: These twins develop when a single fertilized egg divides into two embryos. Although uncommon, this can happen following IVF even when only one embryo is transferred.

The number of embryos transferred can influence the possibility of twins, but it cannot determine the outcome with certainty. A fertility specialist considers embryo quality, medical history, and the potential risks of a multiple pregnancy before recommending a treatment plan.

IVF Twin Pregnancy Rates: How Should You Interpret the Numbers?

People researching IVF for twins often look for a specific percentage that tells them how likely they are to have twins. However, twin pregnancy rates can be difficult to compare because fertility clinics may report different outcomes.

Some statistics refer to a positive pregnancy test, while others measure pregnancies confirmed by ultrasound, ongoing pregnancies, or live births. These outcomes are not interchangeable. A pregnancy that initially involves two embryos may not result in the birth of two babies.

What Are the Chances of Having Twins With IVF?

The chances of having twins through IVF vary from one treatment cycle to another. The number of embryos transferred is an important factor, but embryo quality, implantation potential, the age of the egg provider, and individual medical circumstances also affect the outcome.

When two embryos are transferred, both may implant, resulting in twins. However, neither embryo may implant, or only one may develop into a pregnancy. Occasionally, a single transferred embryo may split and result in identical twins.

With single embryo transfer, the likelihood of a twin pregnancy is much lower, although it is not zero because embryo splitting can occur.

There is no single twin pregnancy percentage that applies to every IVF patient. Statistics can differ depending on whether they measure pregnancies or live births, the type of embryos transferred, and the patient population studied.

For this reason, ask your fertility clinic for outcome data that reflects your age, embryo characteristics, and proposed treatment.

Factors That Influence Twin Pregnancy Chances With IVF

Several factors can influence the possibility of a twin pregnancy during IVF.

1. Number of Embryos Transferred

Transferring two embryos creates the possibility that both will implant and develop. However, transferring more embryos also increases the risk of a multiple pregnancy, including higher-order multiples.

Single embryo transfer is widely recommended in suitable cases because it reduces the risk of twins while allowing additional embryos to be preserved for future attempts.

2. Embryo Quality and Development

Embryos that develop to the blastocyst stage, usually around day five or six, can be assessed before transfer. Embryologists use developmental characteristics and other available information to help select an embryo with good implantation potential.

However, embryo grading cannot guarantee implantation or predict with certainty whether a pregnancy will result in twins.

3. Age of the Egg Provider

The age of the person whose eggs are used influences egg quality and the likelihood of obtaining embryos capable of developing into a pregnancy.

Fertility specialists consider age alongside embryo development, previous treatment outcomes, and other medical factors when recommending the number of embryos to transfer.

4. Embryo Genetic Testing

Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) assesses chromosome numbers in sampled embryo cells. It may help inform embryo selection in selected circumstances, but it does not guarantee a pregnancy or ensure that twins will result.

Even when an embryo has a normal chromosome result, the decision to transfer one or more embryos should account for the risks of multiple pregnancy.

5. Individual Medical History

Previous IVF outcomes, the cause of infertility, uterine factors, and other health considerations can influence treatment planning. Your fertility specialist should evaluate these factors before recommending an embryo transfer strategy.

Single Embryo Transfer vs. Double Embryo Transfer

Single embryo transfer (SET) involves transferring one embryo during an IVF cycle. Double embryo transfer (DET) involves transferring two embryos.

The appropriate approach depends on individual circumstances, but transferring more embryos is not automatically the best way to achieve a healthy live birth.

Consideration	Single embryo transfer	Double embryo transfer
Number of embryos transferred	One	Two
Possibility of twins	Lower, but not zero	Higher if both embryos implant
Risk of higher-order multiples	Very low from the transfer itself, but not zero	Possible if an embryo splits
Risk associated with multiple pregnancy	Lower	Higher
Additional embryos	May be frozen for future use if suitable	Fewer embryos may remain for future use
Main consideration	Reducing multiple pregnancy risk	Individualized assessment of potential benefits and risks

The American Society for Reproductive Medicine recommends strongly considering single embryo transfer for patients with a favorable prognosis and strongly recommends it in gestational-carrier cycles. The goal is to maximize the chance of a healthy pregnancy while minimizing avoidable complications.

The final decision should be made with the fertility specialist, based on the relevant medical guidelines and the circumstances of the treatment.

What Are the Risks of an IVF Twin Pregnancy?

Twin pregnancies can result in healthy babies, but they generally carry more medical risks than singleton pregnancies. These risks affect both the person carrying the pregnancy and the developing babies.

Risks for the Pregnant Person

Twin pregnancies can increase the likelihood of:

• High blood pressure and preeclampsia.
• Gestational diabetes.
• Anemia and greater nutritional demands.
• Cesarean delivery and other delivery complications.
• Preterm labor and additional prenatal monitoring.

The level of risk varies according to individual health, pregnancy development, and whether the twins share a placenta.

Risks for Babies

Babies from twin pregnancies have a higher likelihood of:

• Premature birth.
• Low birth weight.
• Breathing difficulties associated with prematurity.
• Neonatal intensive care admission.
• Certain developmental complications, particularly when birth occurs very early.

Identical twins who share a placenta may also develop specific complications, including twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome.

These risks do not mean that every twin pregnancy will experience complications. They do explain why fertility specialists generally aim for a healthy singleton pregnancy whenever appropriate.

Is It Safe to Choose IVF Specifically to Have Twins?

Wanting twins is understandable for people who hope to have more than one child. However, IVF should not be approached as a guaranteed way to achieve a twin pregnancy.

Transferring two embryos does not ensure that both will implant. It can also result in a singleton pregnancy, no pregnancy, or, in some cases, a higher-order multiple pregnancy if an embryo divides.

A twin pregnancy can require more intensive monitoring and may involve additional medical, emotional, and financial considerations.

Fertility specialists therefore focus on the likelihood of a healthy live birth and the safety of the person carrying the pregnancy rather than simply maximizing the number of babies in one cycle.

Before treatment, discuss the benefits and risks of the available options, including single embryo transfer, embryo freezing, and the possibility of additional transfer cycles.

IVF for Twins When Using a Surrogate

Some intended parents explore surrogacy because they cannot carry a pregnancy themselves or because carrying a pregnancy would pose significant medical risks. IVF is commonly used to create embryos for transfer to a gestational carrier, also called a surrogate.

In gestational surrogacy, an embryo is created using the intended parents’ and/or donor’s reproductive material, according to the treatment plan. The embryo is then transferred to the surrogate’s uterus.

Although some intended parents hope for twins through surrogacy, a twin pregnancy creates additional medical risks for the surrogate and the babies. For this reason, professional guidance strongly recommends single embryo transfer in gestational-carrier cycles.

The decision should consider the surrogate’s health, the fertility specialist’s recommendations, the embryo characteristics, and applicable medical and legal requirements.

What Should Intended Parents Consider?

If you are exploring surrogacy, consider the following questions:

• What embryo transfer approach does the fertility specialist recommend?
• What medical risks would a multiple pregnancy create for the surrogate?
• How will prenatal care and specialist monitoring be arranged?
• What additional expenses could arise if complications occur?
• What legal arrangements and parental-rights procedures apply in the country where treatment takes place?

For intended parents considering treatment in Georgia, it is also important to understand the country’s surrogacy framework, eligibility requirements, medical arrangements, and legal procedures before beginning a program.

Surrogacy laws and eligibility requirements can change, so obtain current, independent legal advice before making commitments.

How Much Does IVF for Twins Cost?

The cost of IVF varies according to the country, fertility clinic, medication requirements, laboratory services, and treatment plan. There is no separate standard IVF price that guarantees twins.

Potential expenses may include:

• Fertility consultations and diagnostic tests.
• Ovarian stimulation medication and monitoring.
• Egg retrieval and laboratory fertilization.
• Embryo culture and transfer.
• Embryo freezing and storage.
• Genetic testing, if recommended.
• Pregnancy monitoring and delivery care.

If a twin pregnancy develops, additional prenatal appointments, specialist care, premature delivery, or neonatal intensive care may increase the overall cost.

For surrogacy arrangements, the total budget may also include surrogate-related expenses, legal services, pregnancy care, and arrangements for establishing parentage.

When comparing programs, ask for an itemized cost estimate and clarify which services are included, which are optional, and which expenses may arise if treatment requires additional cycles or complications occur.

Frequently Asked Questions About IVF for Twins

Can one embryo transfer result in twins?

Yes. A single embryo can occasionally divide into two embryos and result in identical twins. However, single embryo transfer substantially reduces the likelihood of a twin pregnancy compared with transferring two embryos.

Does transferring two embryos guarantee twins?

No. Both embryos may implant, only one may implant, or neither may implant. An embryo may also split, which can occasionally result in a higher-order multiple pregnancy.

Are IVF twins always identical?

No. Twins may be fraternal when two separate embryos develop, or identical when one embryo divides into two. The type of twins depends on how the pregnancy develops.

Does embryo genetic testing increase the chances of twins?

PGT-A can provide information about embryo chromosome status and may help with embryo selection in appropriate cases. It does not guarantee implantation or twins. Transferring a single embryo with a normal chromosome result is still recommended in many suitable cases to reduce multiple pregnancy risk.

Is single embryo transfer better than double embryo transfer?

Single embryo transfer is generally preferred when appropriate because it reduces the risk of twins and higher-order multiple pregnancies. The best approach depends on individual medical circumstances and the advice of the treating fertility specialist.

Can intended parents have twins through surrogacy in Georgia?

A twin pregnancy may occur during IVF treatment involving a gestational carrier, but it should not be treated as a guaranteed or preferred outcome. Single embryo transfer is strongly recommended in gestational-carrier cycles because of the additional risks associated with multiple pregnancy. Intended parents should confirm current Georgian legal requirements and obtain medical and legal advice before proceeding.

Pregnancy Rates Versus Live Birth Rates

A positive pregnancy test is an early indicator of pregnancy, but it does not confirm that the pregnancy will continue or result in a live birth.

Similarly, a twin pregnancy confirmed by ultrasound does not guarantee that both babies will continue developing throughout pregnancy. In some cases, one embryo stops developing, a situation sometimes called a vanishing twin.

When reviewing IVF statistics, ask the clinic to explain whether its figures refer to:

• Positive pregnancy tests following embryo transfer.
• Clinical pregnancies confirmed by ultrasound.
• Twin pregnancies identified during early pregnancy.
• Live births following IVF treatment.
• The percentage of deliveries involving twins or higher-order multiples.

It is also important to distinguish results per embryo transfer from cumulative outcomes across multiple treatment cycles. One transfer may not result in pregnancy, while a later transfer using a frozen embryo may be successful.

Why Clinic Statistics May Differ

IVF outcomes depend on several variables, including the age of the egg provider, the quality and developmental stage of the embryos, the use of donor eggs, and the clinic’s embryo-transfer practices.

For example, outcomes involving embryos created with donor eggs should not automatically be compared with outcomes involving eggs from an older intended parent. The circumstances and treatment plans may differ substantially.

Rather than relying on a single advertised percentage, ask for data relevant to your circumstances and the specific outcome you want to understand.

What Happens When Both Embryos Implant After IVF?

When two embryos are transferred and both implant successfully, a twin pregnancy may develop. However, the early stages of pregnancy require medical assessment to determine how many embryos are developing and whether the pregnancy is progressing as expected.

Early Pregnancy Testing

Following embryo transfer, the fertility clinic schedules pregnancy testing at an appropriate time. A blood test measuring human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) can help identify an early pregnancy.

Although hCG levels may sometimes be higher in twin pregnancies, hormone levels alone cannot reliably establish the number of babies. There is considerable overlap between singleton and twin pregnancies.

An ultrasound is needed to assess the pregnancy and identify the number of gestational sacs and embryos. The timing of the scan depends on the treatment protocol and the clinician’s assessment.

Why Early Ultrasound Matters

An early ultrasound can help establish the location of the pregnancy, assess early development, and determine whether one or more embryos are developing.

If twins are identified, the clinician will also assess whether they have separate placentas and amniotic sacs or share a placenta. This distinction matters because certain types of identical twin pregnancies require more intensive monitoring.

The treating team may recommend further scans as the pregnancy progresses. The schedule depends on the findings, the type of twin pregnancy, and any additional medical concerns.

Can Two Transferred Embryos Result in Triplets?

Yes, although this is not the usual outcome. If two embryos are transferred and one embryo divides into identical twins while the other also implants, a triplet pregnancy can occur.

This is one reason why transferring two embryos does not guarantee twins. The number of embryos transferred and the number of babies ultimately developing are not always the same.

A higher-order multiple pregnancy can carry even greater risks than a twin pregnancy, including a higher likelihood of premature birth and other complications.

Understanding Placenta Sharing in Identical Twin Pregnancies

Not all twin pregnancies have the same medical risks. An important distinction is whether the babies have separate placentas or share one.

Twins With Separate Placentas

When each twin has its own placenta and amniotic sac, the pregnancy is described as dichorionic-diamniotic. This arrangement is common in fraternal twin pregnancies, although identical twins can also have this arrangement.

Separate placentas generally avoid certain complications associated with shared placental circulation, but the pregnancy still requires appropriate prenatal care because twins have a higher overall risk of complications than singleton pregnancies.

Twins Sharing a Placenta

Some identical twins share a placenta. Depending on the pregnancy, they may have separate amniotic sacs or share the same amniotic sac.

Twins sharing a placenta can develop complications involving the circulation between the babies. One example is twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), in which blood flow through shared placental vessels becomes unbalanced.

TTTS requires specialist assessment and may require fetal treatment. The care plan depends on the severity of the condition, gestational age, and other clinical findings.

How Doctors Determine the Twin Type

Ultrasound assessment early in pregnancy is important for determining chorionicity and amnionicity, which describe the placental and amniotic-sac arrangements.

Knowing the type of twin pregnancy helps the obstetric team decide how frequently to monitor fetal growth and screen for complications.

For more information about multiple pregnancy, readers can consult the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ patient resource, Multiple Pregnancy.

How IVF Twin Pregnancies Are Monitored

Twin pregnancies usually require more monitoring than singleton pregnancies. The exact schedule depends on the type of twins, the pregnant person’s medical history, and how the babies develop.

Monitoring During the First Trimester

Early pregnancy care focuses on confirming the pregnancy, assessing fetal development, and identifying the number of developing embryos.

The care team may also assess the placenta and amniotic sacs, review medications, and evaluate any symptoms that require further investigation.

Monitoring During the Second and Third Trimesters

As pregnancy progresses, monitoring may include ultrasound examinations to assess fetal growth, amniotic fluid, placental function, and other relevant findings.

The frequency of these examinations depends partly on whether the twins share a placenta and whether either baby shows signs of growth restriction or another complication.

The obstetric team may also monitor the pregnant person’s blood pressure, glucose levels, nutritional status, and signs of preterm labor.

Planning for Delivery

The timing and method of delivery depend on the type of twin pregnancy, the position and development of the babies, the pregnant person’s health, and any complications.

Some twin pregnancies can result in vaginal delivery, while others require cesarean delivery. The decision should be individualized and discussed with the obstetric team well before delivery whenever possible.

Because twin pregnancies have an increased likelihood of premature birth, families may also benefit from discussing neonatal care arrangements and what would happen if either baby needed additional support after birth.

Does Transferring Two Embryos Improve the Overall Chance of Having a Baby?

Transferring two embryos may increase the chance of pregnancy from a particular transfer in some circumstances. However, this does not automatically mean it is the best strategy for achieving a healthy live birth.

The important distinction is between the outcome of one treatment cycle and the cumulative chance of having a baby across multiple treatment attempts.

One Transfer Versus Multiple Transfers

With single embryo transfer, one embryo is transferred at a time. If suitable embryos remain frozen, another transfer may be possible without repeating every stage of IVF.

This approach can allow intended parents to pursue a pregnancy while reducing the chance of twins or higher-order multiples.

Double embryo transfer may be considered in selected clinical circumstances, but the potential benefits must be weighed against the additional risks of multiple pregnancy.

Why Cumulative Success Matters

A fertility specialist can explain how the expected outcomes of single embryo transfer compare with double embryo transfer for a particular patient. This discussion should consider embryo availability, embryo quality, age, previous treatment results, and the likelihood of needing further treatment.

It is also important to ask whether quoted success rates refer to pregnancy, live birth, or cumulative live birth over several transfers.

The goal is not simply to achieve a positive pregnancy test as quickly as possible. It is to choose a treatment strategy that provides a reasonable chance of a healthy outcome while minimizing avoidable risks.

Emotional and Practical Preparation for a Twin Pregnancy

Planning for twins involves more than medical treatment. Intended parents and the person carrying the pregnancy may also need to prepare for the practical and emotional demands associated with a multiple pregnancy.

Financial Planning

The total cost of a twin pregnancy depends on the healthcare system, insurance arrangements, pregnancy complications, delivery, and any neonatal care required.

Families should consider the possibility of additional medical appointments, time away from work, travel to specialist facilities, and unexpected expenses. In surrogacy arrangements, intended parents should also understand which costs are covered by their agreement and how additional medical expenses will be handled.

A written budget can help distinguish predictable expenses from costs that may arise if complications occur.

Preparing a Support Network

A twin pregnancy may involve additional appointments and more demanding recovery after delivery. Planning practical support in advance can help families manage transport, household responsibilities, infant care, and follow-up appointments.

Where appropriate, families may also benefit from speaking with a counselor experienced in infertility, pregnancy after fertility treatment, or the emotional challenges of surrogacy.

Preparing for Different Outcomes

Even after careful planning, IVF outcomes cannot be guaranteed. Treatment may not result in pregnancy, a twin pregnancy may develop into a singleton pregnancy, or complications may require changes to the care plan.

Discussing these possibilities before treatment can help intended parents make informed decisions and reduce uncertainty about how they would respond to different outcomes.

IVF and Surrogacy in Georgia: What Intended Parents Should Know

For some intended parents, IVF is part of a surrogacy arrangement rather than a pregnancy they will carry themselves. In gestational surrogacy, embryos created through IVF using the intended parents’ and/or donors’ reproductive material are transferred to a gestational carrier.

People considering this option need to understand both the medical process and the legal framework applicable to their circumstances.

Why Embryo Transfer Decisions Matter in Surrogacy

The health of the gestational carrier is a central consideration throughout treatment. A twin pregnancy can increase the likelihood of premature birth, hypertensive disorders, and other complications.

The American Society for Reproductive Medicine strongly recommends single embryo transfer in gestational-carrier cycles because of the risks associated with multiple pregnancy.

Intended parents should therefore avoid assuming that transferring two embryos is the preferred way to achieve their family-building goals. The fertility specialist should explain the medical recommendations and discuss the expected outcomes of the proposed treatment plan.

Questions to Ask Before Starting a Program in Georgia

Before proceeding with a surrogacy arrangement in Georgia, intended parents should seek clear answers to the following questions:

• What IVF and embryo-transfer procedures are included in the proposed plan?
• What are the clinic’s recommendations regarding the number of embryos to transfer?
• How are the gestational carrier’s medical suitability and informed consent assessed?
• What prenatal monitoring and specialist care are available?
• Which medical, pregnancy, delivery, and neonatal expenses are included in the program?
• What legal steps are required to establish parentage and obtain the relevant documents?
• How will additional treatment cycles or unexpected complications be handled?

The answers will depend on the clinic, the specific program, and the intended parents’ circumstances. Medical and legal arrangements should be reviewed separately with qualified professionals.

Georgia’s applicable surrogacy laws and eligibility requirements should be verified before entering an agreement, particularly for international intended parents. A written explanation of the legal process is preferable to relying on general claims about eligibility or parentage.

For related information, see our guides to [surrogacy in Georgia], [surrogacy costs in Georgia], and [surrogacy laws in Georgia]. Replace these placeholders with the actual URLs of your published pages before making the article live.

Medical Sources and Further Reading

Readers who want to explore the medical evidence behind embryo transfer decisions and twin pregnancy risks can consult these professional resources:

1. American Society for Reproductive Medicine: Guidance on the Limits to the Number of Embryos to Transfer. This document discusses embryo-transfer recommendations and the goal of reducing multiple pregnancies.
2. American Society for Reproductive Medicine: Recommendations for Practices Using Gestational Carriers. This resource addresses medical, psychological, and legal considerations in gestational-carrier arrangements.
3. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Multiple Pregnancy. This patient resource explains twin pregnancy complications, placental arrangements, prenatal monitoring, and delivery considerations.

These resources provide general guidance. Individual treatment decisions should be based on a qualified clinician’s assessment and the applicable medical standards.

Additional Resources to read:

Surrogacy in Georgia

 IVF in Georgia

Surrogacy Cost in Georgia

Best Surrogacy Agency in Georgia

Best Surrogacy Clinics in Georgia

Final Thoughts

IVF for twins is possible, but the outcome depends on embryo development, implantation, and individual fertility factors. Transferring multiple embryos can increase the possibility of twins, yet it also increases the risks associated with multiple pregnancy.

For intended parents considering IVF or surrogacy, the most important consideration is achieving a healthy pregnancy while protecting the health of the person carrying it and the babies.

Discuss your medical history, embryo transfer options, treatment costs, and individual risks with a qualified fertility specialist. If you are considering surrogacy in Georgia, seek clear information about the medical process, current legal requirements, and the responsibilities of everyone involved before choosing a program.

Medical note: This article provides general educational information and is not a substitute for individualized medical or legal advice. Treatment decisions should be made with qualified professionals.

is a topic many people explore when planning their families through fertility treatment. In vitro fertilization (IVF) can result in a twin pregnancy when two embryos implant successfully or when a single embryo splits into identical twins. However, the possibility of having twins depends on several medical factors, including embryo development, the number of embryos transferred, and individual fertility circumstances.

Some intended parents hope to have twins to complete their families in one pregnancy. Before making treatment decisions, it is important to understand the chances of a twin pregnancy, the medical risks involved, and why fertility specialists generally prioritize a healthy pregnancy over achieving a specific number of babies.

This guide explains how IVF can result in twins, the factors that influence twin pregnancy rates, the difference between single and double embryo transfer, and the safety considerations to discuss with a fertility specialist.

Frequently Asked Questions About IVF for Twins

Can one embryo transfer result in twins?

Yes. A single embryo can occasionally divide into two embryos and result in identical twins. However, single embryo transfer substantially reduces the likelihood of a twin pregnancy compared with transferring two embryos.

Does transferring two embryos guarantee twins?

No. Both embryos may implant, only one may implant, or neither may implant. An embryo may also split, which can occasionally result in a higher-order multiple pregnancy.

Are IVF twins always identical?

No. Twins may be fraternal when two separate embryos develop, or identical when one embryo divides into two. The type of twins depends on how the pregnancy develops.

Does embryo genetic testing increase the chances of twins?

PGT-A can provide information about embryo chromosome status and may help with embryo selection in appropriate cases. It does not guarantee implantation or twins. Transferring a single embryo with a normal chromosome result is still recommended in many suitable cases to reduce multiple pregnancy risk.

Is single embryo transfer better than double embryo transfer?

Single embryo transfer is generally preferred when appropriate because it reduces the risk of twins and higher-order multiple pregnancies. The best approach depends on individual medical circumstances and the advice of the treating fertility specialist.

Can intended parents have twins through surrogacy in Georgia?

A twin pregnancy may occur during IVF treatment involving a gestational carrier, but it should not be treated as a guaranteed or preferred outcome. Single embryo transfer is strongly recommended in gestational-carrier cycles because of the additional risks associated with multiple pregnancy. Intended parents should confirm current Georgian legal requirements and obtain medical and legal advice before proceeding.

Medical note: This article provides general educational information and is not a substitute for individualized medical or legal advice. Treatment decisions should be made with qualified professionals.